3种新冠病毒检测方法，以及哪种方法最准确
对冠状病毒检测感到困惑吗?这篇指南把它都列了出来。
自从冠状病毒开始猖獗传播以来，我们慢慢了解到，医生办公室和医疗机构中有一系列令人困惑的检测选项——许多是基于粘液，其他是基于唾液或血液。有这么多的选择，你怎么知道哪个测试适合你呢?它们的工作原理都一样吗?或者告诉你同样的信息?
我们将从最基本的开始。目前有两种主要的COVID-19检测方法:在粘液或唾液中寻找活动性冠状病毒感染的诊断检测方法，以及寻找抗体的血液检测方法——证明你的免疫系统以前遇到过感染的证据。
假设你的医生要求进行诊断测试，以确认或排除冠状病毒感染。即使在这些测试中，也存在着重要的差异。Daniel D. Rhoads医学博士说克利夫兰诊所在美国，有几种方法可以检测导致COVID-19的SARS-CoV-2病毒。一些测试是寻找病毒的涂层——它们被称为抗原测试——其他测试是检测属于冠状病毒的核酸(如RNA)。
RNA测试是高度敏感的。罗德博士说:“即使在某人不再生病，不再释放可以传染给他人的病毒后，这些检测仍可能呈阳性。健康。
相比之下，抗原检测通常是快速和廉价的，但往往不如RNA检测的准确性新型冠状病毒．问题是，抗原检测更容易出现假阴性结果，这意味着这些检测更有可能错过主动感染病例。罗德博士说，抗原和RNA检测都不能预测一个人何时不再具有传染性。
进行正确的COVID测试
因此，正确的测试取决于目标，比如确认活跃的COVID感染;确定无症状或有症状前可能正在传播病毒的人，或确定某人之前是否患过COVID。“没有一种单一的测试方法可以满足所有需求，解决所有问题，”罗德博士指出。
以下是关于不同类型的COVID测试您应该了解的内容，它们是如何使用的，以及它们可以告诉您什么。
分子检测(又称RNA或PCR检测)
这些诊断测试被认为是检测活动性感染最敏感的，而且结果非常准确。如果你或你的医生认为你患了COVID，你可能会服用一个。如果你需要在返回工作或学校之前向你的雇主或学校证明你目前没有被感染，你也可能被要求参加这种类型的测试
在大多数情况下，医护人员会使用专门的拭子从你的鼻子或喉咙收集粘液。(一些分子测试现在使用唾液，人们可能会觉得更舒服。)分子测试通常被称为聚合酶链反应测试，聚合酶链反应是用于检测病毒遗传物质的实验室技术的缩写美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)。梅奥诊所解释说，根据样本是在现场分析还是送到外部实验室，周转时间从几分钟到几天甚至更长。
使用鼻咽拭子(从鼻子深处到喉咙后部的拭子)测试仍然被认为是黄金标准。但最近几个月，家庭测试套件人们可以收集自己的样本(粘液或唾液)，并将其隔夜送到实验室进行分析。
这些测试包易于使用，可能比在卫生保健环境中使用的长棉签测试更不吓人。另外,一个小书房建议当人们学会了正确的收集自己样本的技术时，自我检测产生的结果可以与卫生保健工作者的结果一样准确。
抗原检测(又称快速检测)
这种类型的诊断测试通常被称为“快速测试”，因为它的周转时间比RNA测试快得多。它的生产成本也更低。因此，抗原测试被用于筛查大量人群，比如在机场，该杂志最近的一篇文章如是说自然指出。
从病人的角度来看，抗原检测的工作原理与分子检测大体相同。你的医疗服务人员会用棉签擦拭你的鼻子或喉咙后部，以收集样本进行测试。但FDA表示，抗原检测可以在一个小时或更短的时间内产生结果，而不是等待几天的结果。如果你的检测结果是阳性的，这可能是正确的:抗原测试非常准确。问题是，这些测试更有可能错过主动感染。如果你有新冠肺炎症状，但检测结果呈阴性，你的医生可能会让你做分子检测，以排除假阴性。
有些抗原测试可以直接在你的医疗服务提供者的办公室进行，这意味着你不需要去实验室进行测试。芝加哥总部的Sindhu Aderson博士说西北直接护理他说，这些“即时”检测主要用于急诊科、医生办公室和门诊诊所。(注意:并非所有的快速、即时检测都是抗原检测。今年9月，FDA批准紧急使用罗氏基于pcr的针对SARS-CoV-2和流感的快速联合检测。)
抗体测试(又称血清学测试或血液测试)
这种测试寻找冠状病毒的抗体。抗体是免疫系统为抵抗外来入侵者(如病毒)而产生的蛋白质。新型冠状病毒抗体检测不能诊断出活性冠状病毒感染。它只告诉你，你是否在过去的某个时间点被感染过，即使是在几个月前。抗体至少要在感染开始几天后才能检测到。
没有fda授权的家庭抗体测试。你必须去看医疗专业人员，他们会通过手指刺血或从你手臂的静脉抽取血液样本。这些测试的绝大多数是在中心实验室进行的，可能需要几天的时间来处理。但是,食品及药物管理局刚刚批准了首个抗体即时检测冠状病毒的方法，使医生办公室、医院、紧急护理中心和急诊室可以在15分钟内使用一个人的指尖血液得到答案。
梅奥诊所(Mayo Clinic)表示，建议在症状出现至少14天后再进行抗体检测。如果你测试得太早——当你的免疫系统还在加强防御时——它可能不会提供准确的结果。有时，抗体检测和病毒检测是在病人病程后期寻求治疗时一起进行的。它还可能有助于确诊与COVID有关的儿童多系统炎症综合征。
根据FDA的说法，抗体检测在当前的大流行中扮演着重要的角色，因为它可以提供关于人群中感染流行率和无症状感染频率的信息。
截至发稿时，这篇报道中的信息是准确的。然而，随着围绕COVID-19的形势继续发展，一些数据可能自发布以来发生了变化。在《健康》杂志努力使我们的故事尽可能最新的同时，我们也鼓励读者通过使用疾病预防控制中心，谁以及当地的公共卫生部门作为资源。
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You might have wild dreams when you're ill—fever can do that. But bizarre or emotionally intense fever dreams are not recognized as a symptom of COVID-19.
" }, { "answer_choices": [ { "answer_title": "Wear a mask", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A1", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 7064, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T05:28:26.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "Wash your hands", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A2", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 42296, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T10:42:14.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "Maintain social distance from others", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A3", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 6378, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T08:57:13.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "Wipe down groceries packaged in cardboard or plastic wrap with bleach", "correct_answer": true, "answer_id": "A4", "answer_value": 1, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 56877, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:26:44.000Z" } } ], "answer_type": "text", "question_title": "To slow the spread of COVID-19, don't do this:", "question_id": "Q3", "answer_description": "CDC specifically warns against using disinfecting products on food or food packaging. You don't want to accidentally taint your food. Plus, the risk of COVID-19 from handling or consuming food is thought to be low. Use disinfectants like bleach to wipe down tables, countertops, and faucets
" }, { "answer_choices": [ { "answer_title": "A multi-layer medical procedure mask (aka a surgical mask or disposable face mask)", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A1", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 9059, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T09:45:07.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "A mask with a vent or valve", "correct_answer": true, "answer_id": "A2", "answer_value": 1, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 80436, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:04:44.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "A cloth mask made of two or more breathable, washable layers", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A3", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 17767, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:26:44.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "A cloth mask over a surgical mask", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A4", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 5352, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T08:57:13.000Z" } } ], "answer_type": "text", "question_title": "Which masking option is least effective for stopping the spread of COVID-19?", "question_id": "Q4", "answer_description": "If your mask has a vent or valve, respiratory particles may escape and reach other people. Opt instead for a well-fitting mask with multiple layers, or wear a cloth mask over a disposable mask to secure the underlying mask to your face.
" }, { "answer_choices": [ { "answer_title": "Anal swab testing", "correct_answer": true, "answer_id": "A1", "answer_value": 1, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 95883, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:26:44.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "Nasal swab testing", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A2", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 11469, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T10:57:02.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "Saliva testing", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A3", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 3108, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T10:53:56.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "Throat swab testing", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A4", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 2154, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T10:42:14.000Z" } } ], "answer_type": "text", "question_title": "Which COVID-19 screening method is not routinely in use in the US?", "question_id": "Q5", "answer_description": "Most diagnostic tests rely on mucus collected from your nose or throat, and some use saliva that you spit into a test tube. While China is using anal swab testing, that method hasn't caught on in the US.
" }, { "answer_choices": [ { "answer_title": "2 to 12 hours", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A1", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 5118, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T10:42:14.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "3 days", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A2", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 24371, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:04:44.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "14 days", "correct_answer": true, "answer_id": "A3", "answer_value": 1, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 82317, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:26:44.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "30 days", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A4", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 809, "lastModified": "2021-08-26T22:05:31.000Z" } } ], "answer_type": "text", "question_title": "How long is the incubation period—the amount time from when you are infected with the novel coronavirus to when you exhibit symptoms?", "question_id": "Q6", "answer_description": "The incubation is thought to be 14 days, with a median of 4 to 5 days. (But keep in mind that some people never develop symptoms).
" }, { "answer_choices": [ { "answer_title": "A variant", "correct_answer": true, "answer_id": "A1", "answer_value": 1, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 74289, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:26:44.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "A high viral load", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A2", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 9468, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T04:47:36.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "A vaccine", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A3", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 11359, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T07:04:46.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "Another virus, like influenza", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A4", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 17499, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T10:16:20.000Z" } } ], "answer_type": "text", "question_title": "A mutated version of the virus that causes COVID-19 is called:", "question_id": "Q7", "answer_description": "Variants of the virus that causes COVID-19 have been identified in the US and around the world. Scientists are studying these variants to learn how they spread and whether current vaccines will protect against them.
" }, { "answer_choices": [ { "answer_title": "Researchers have coined the term \"coronaphobia\" to describe the fear of contracting COVID-19", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A1", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 9062, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T09:58:46.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can sometimes spread through tiny airborne particles", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A2", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 14492, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T10:21:28.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "The term \"long-haulers\" refers to people who experience long-term coronavirus symptoms", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A3", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 5932, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:26:44.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "COVID-19 is just like having the seasonal flu", "correct_answer": true, "answer_id": "A4", "answer_value": 1, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 83130, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:04:44.000Z" } } ], "answer_type": "text", "question_title": "Which of the following statements is false?", "question_id": "Q8", "answer_description": "Early on, some people speculated that the novel coronavirus would behave like the seasonal flu. Now we know COVID-19 is much more contagious and spreads more rapidly than influenza.
" }, { "answer_choices": [ { "answer_title": "Women who want to become pregnant some day", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A1", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 10988, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T09:45:07.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "Anyone who has had a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to any vaccine ingredient", "correct_answer": true, "answer_id": "A2", "answer_value": 1, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 60365, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:04:44.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "People who have recovered from COVID-19", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A3", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 9765, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:26:44.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "People with underlying medical conditions", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A4", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 31497, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T07:04:46.000Z" } } ], "answer_type": "text", "question_title": "Who should not get a COVID-19 vaccine?", "question_id": "Q9", "answer_description": "CDC does not recommend COVID vaccination if you've had a severe allergic reaction to any COVID vaccine ingredient. Contact your doctor if you have questions about whether it's safe for you to be vaccinated.
" }, { "answer_choices": [ { "answer_title": "You can't get COVID-19 from a COVID-19 shot", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A1", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 17566, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:04:44.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "Side effects are generally mild and short-lived", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A2", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 6960, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T10:57:02.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "It can take a few weeks after getting vaccinated for your body to build immunity to the virus", "correct_answer": false, "answer_id": "A3", "answer_value": 0, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 4207, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T10:03:21.000Z" } }, { "answer_title": "None of the above", "correct_answer": true, "answer_id": "A4", "answer_value": 1, "$vf_selected_count": { "value": 83882, "lastModified": "2021-08-27T11:26:44.000Z" } } ], "answer_type": "text", "question_title": "Which of the following statements about COVID-19 are false?", "question_id": "Q10", "answer_description": "Vaccination is safe, effective, and an important tool for beating the pandemic.
" } ], "description": "News about the novel coronavirus is breaking nearly 24-7, which makes it challenging at best to keep up with the latest scientific evidence, especially when you're bombarded by false or misleading claims on social media. So how much do you really know about COVID-19? Take our quiz to gauge how knowledgeable you are.
", "gate": "none", "intro_page": true, "uuid": "c5d20a0c-6b54-4691-ac5b-7362b5c9e58c", "brand": "health", "headline": "Quiz: How Much Do You Know About Coronavirus?", "results": [ { "result_starting_range": 0, "button": { "_type": "button", "title": "Start Learning More", "src": "https://x.specialoffers.meredith.com/ats/show.aspx?cr=588&fm=201®source=20571" }, "result_ending_range": 3, "result_description": "Time to bone up on the basic facts about COVID-19. Check out our COVID-19 condition center and subscribe to our daily Healthy Living newsletter and never miss an update.
\nMore on COVID-19:
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\nWhile Health is trying to keep our content as up-to-date as possible, we also encourage readers to stay informed on news and recommendations for their own communities by using the CDC, WHO, and their local public health department as resources.
", "result_title": "Not Much." }, { "result_starting_range": 4, "button": { "_type": "button", "title": "Learn Some More", "src": "https://x.specialoffers.meredith.com/ats/show.aspx?cr=588&fm=201®source=20571" }, "result_ending_range": 6, "result_description": "Not bad, but there’s much more to know about this illness. Subscribe to our daily Healthy Living newsletter and never miss an update.
\nMore on COVID-19:
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\nWhile Health is trying to keep our content as up-to-date as possible, we also encourage readers to stay informed on news and recommendations for their own communities by using the CDC, WHO, and their local public health department as resources.
", "result_title": "You Know Some Things About Some Things." }, { "result_starting_range": 7, "button": { "_type": "button", "title": "Stay Updated with Newsletters", "src": "https://x.specialoffers.meredith.com/ats/show.aspx?cr=588&fm=201®source=20571" }, "result_ending_range": 8, "result_description": "Terrific. Keep reading about COIVD-19 on Health.com and stay safe!
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\nWhile Health is trying to keep our content as up-to-date as possible, we also encourage readers to stay informed on news and recommendations for their own communities by using the CDC, WHO, and their local public health department as resources.
", "result_title": "You Are Certified to Debate on Social Media." }, { "result_starting_range": 9, "button": { "_type": "button", "title": "Sign Up for Newsletters", "src": "https://x.specialoffers.meredith.com/ats/show.aspx?cr=588&fm=201®source=20571" }, "result_ending_range": 10, "result_description": "You are definitely in the know! Keep coming back to Health.com for the latest information.
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\nLiving Through a Pandemic: A Guide to Surviving the New Normal
\nCoronavirus 101: Symptoms, Transmission, Severity and More
\nWhile Health is trying to keep our content as up-to-date as possible, we also encourage readers to stay informed on news and recommendations for their own communities by using the CDC, WHO, and their local public health department as resources.
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