作为一名营养学家,我建议我的客户不要喝苏打水,多吃水果和蔬菜,用一些自然的选择保守地增加食谱的甜味,比如有机蜂蜜或枫糖浆。然而,一些新的研究让人们怀疑这些对你有益的甜食是否真的可以食用,尤其是对于减肥来说。

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天然糖,准备一碗水果做早餐
来源:盖蒂图片社

作为一个营养学家,我建议我的客户为了避免苏打水,多吃水果和蔬菜,保守地选择自然的甜味剂,比如有机食品蜂蜜枫糖浆.它们比精制糖更少加工,还含有其他有益物质,包括抗氧化剂。然而,一些新的研究让人们怀疑这些好处的甜食实际上是可以消费的,尤其是减肥

以下是研究总结,以及我关于如何在不破坏你的腰围的情况下让你的生活变得更甜美的基本建议。

南加州大学的研究人员观察了24名志愿者的反应,他们一天喝加了果糖的调味饮料,另一天喝加了葡萄糖的调味饮料。大脑扫描显示,当受试者在摄入果糖后看到食物的图像时,大脑中与奖励有关的区域更加活跃。参与者还被问及他们是愿意立即吃这些食物,还是为了奖金而放弃它们。当饮用果糖时,更多的男性和女性选择了即时食物奖励。研究人员说,结果表明,相对于葡萄糖,果糖对食欲的抑制作用较小,而且可能是这样更有可能引发进食

为什么这两种甜味剂会有区别?当你摄入葡萄糖时,你的胰腺会分泌胰岛素,让细胞将其用作能量。胰岛素也会告诉大脑你已经获得了能量,从而抑制食欲。自果糖不会刺激胰岛素分泌,你的大脑可能不会得到“我很好,现在就别吃了”的信息。

那么这一切与蜂蜜和农产品有什么关系呢?好吧,蜂蜜,枫糖浆,糖蜜,新鲜的水果,甚至一些蔬菜(如糖荚豆),都含有果糖。但在我看来,上述研究并不意味着你应该取消所有。

要想在不扰乱你的食欲或让你的体重失控的情况下获得回报,遵循以下三条建议。

对于水果来说,新鲜最好

水果是一个自然源这种甜味剂还含有纤维、水、维生素、矿物质和抗氧化剂。而在新鲜水果中果糖没有浓缩。例如,一杯蓝莓天然含有约7克果糖,以及3.5克纤维和几种关键营养物质。相比之下,一罐12盎司的含高果糖玉米糖浆的苏打水含有大约22.5克果糖,不含纤维或营养物质。新鲜水果中的水分和纤维(除了体积和咀嚼)也对饱腹感和饱腹感有积极的影响。

换句话说,你摄入果糖的数量和形式很重要。如果你担心果糖和食欲,那就吃新鲜水果吧。如果你吃干果,要记住,干果的份量会减少四分之三,所以你应该吃一份不超过高尔夫球大小的干果。果汁也是如此。我的一些客户喜欢在早餐时喝鲜榨橙汁或葡萄柚汁,但我建议他们喝一小杯,而不是一大杯,并尽可能多地获取果肉。

不要喝你的糖

糖饮料减肥食品妇女健康糖尿病
来源:拉里·沃什伯恩/盖蒂图片社

南加州大学的研究是用饮料做的。以前的研究已经表明,糖以稀的形式存在液体不像填料因此,当你喝苏打水、柠檬水或甜茶时,你不会通过少吃食物来弥补。这意味着额外的卡路里只会增加到你的总摄入量,如果你不把它们燃烧掉,你要么会阻止减肥,要么会进一步填满你的脂肪细胞。出于这个原因,我建议客户选择固体甜食,最好是由一些有营养价值的成分制成的(看看我的黑巧克力超级食物布丁也可以做成冰沙)。

其他研究表明,厚度也会促使食者认为食物更能填饱肚子。在苏塞克斯大学(University of Sussex)的一项研究中,研究人员让志愿者对各种浓稠的奶油饮料的饱腹度进行评估。研究对象通过确定他们认为自己需要吃多少固体食物才能感受到同样的饱腹感来做到这一点。结论是:厚度,而不是奶油,影响了人们对饮料的期望更好的抑制饥饿.另外两项研究发现,在卡路里水平相同的情况下,较浓的饮料比较薄的饮料更能抑制实际的饥饿(而不是苏塞克斯研究中预期的饥饿)。这也是我非常喜欢芡欧鼠尾草种子——它们吸收水分,形成一种粘稠的凝胶状质地,这增加了一种满足感甜布丁、冰沙和冻糕。

全面限制各种来源的甜食

健康和不健康的食物概念,水果和蔬菜vs甜甜圈,糖果和巧克力。俯视图
信贷:Adobe股票

多年来,我有许多客户试图完全不吃糖,结果却体验到强烈的渴望,最终崩溃,并暴食甜食。如果全部或没有对你不起作用,你会很高兴地知道,即使是美国心脏协会(AHA)等组织对糖的最严格建议,也不建议完全不吃糖。

根据美国心脏协会,每天添加糖的目标(例如蜂蜜和甜的食物),对女性来说不应该超过6茶匙,对男性来说不应该超过9茶匙。也就是说加一茶匙有机蜂蜜或者枫糖浆到希腊酸奶,有几块黑巧克力每一天,或者偶尔享受一份甜点都在限制之内。这也远低于美国人平均每天摄入的22茶匙。

更多关于糖的信息,包括它可能藏在哪里,以及如何合理、可持续地限制你的摄入量,请查看我的文章关于糖最令人困惑的4件事

你对这个话题有什么看法?在推特上跟我们聊@goodhealth@CynthiaSass

辛西娅·萨斯,公共卫生硕士,注册营养师健康的特约营养编辑a纽约时报畅销书作者,私人实践表现营养学家,曾为五支职业运动队提供咨询。

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It sounds like you’re pretty mindful of your sugar intake, or perhaps you don’t have a sweet tooth. In either case, your intake doesn’t sound excessive. If you enjoy some can’t-live-without sweet treats on occasion, keep doing so. And don’t forget to focus on the healthfulness of the remainder of your diet. Include plenty of veggies, along with lean protein; healthy fats like avocado, extra virgin olive oil, and nuts; and moderate portions of good carbs, like fresh fruit, sweet potato, and quinoa.

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It sounds like you have some room to curb your added sugar consumption. Perhaps you didn’t know about lesser-known sources like ketchup. Or maybe you didn’t realize just how frequently you were consuming sugary foods until now. Whatever the case, start by becoming a bit of a sugar sleuth. Read ingredient lists and look for sugar grams per serving on labels. Next, try some simple swaps that will still leave you feeling satisfied. For example, opting for two squares of dark chocolate in place of a few cookies can slash several grams of added sugar.

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Also, up your intake of fresh food. The AHA limits do not include sugars added to food by Mother Nature, like the sugar in fresh fruit or carrots. That means an apple with nuts or hummus with veggies are good snack choices.

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Based on your responses you’re likely getting too much added sugar. To cut back, set one goal at a time. For example, start by replacing sugary drinks with plain or sparkling H2O. Next, identify the sugary foods you feel you can realistically forego. For example, maybe you find a veggie and avocado omelet even more appealing than a bowl of sugary cereal for breakfast. If so, try to make the time in the a.m.

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Next, consider reducing the frequency of sweet treats rather than swearing them off completely. Make your favorites special splurges, and pass on options you can live without. As you gradually reduce your sugar intake you’ll probably notice an increase in your energy level, a reduction in cravings, and bonus benefits, like clearer skin and better sleep.

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